S. M. Lewis*, M. A. Mayhugh*, S. C. Freni**, B. Thorn***, S. Cardoso****, C. Buffington*****, K. Jairaj******, R. J. Feuers*******

*The Bionetics Corporation, 3900 NCTR Road, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079; **Doorwerth, The Netherlands; ***ROW Sciences, Statistical Group, NCTR; ****University of Tennessee, Memphis; *****Bariatric Centers for Weight Loss Surgery, Ft. Lauderdale, FL; ******Family Medicine Clinic, Cleveland, TX; *******Division of Chemistry, NCTR. Correspondence: Dr. Ritchie Feuers, Division of Chemistry, NCTR, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079; e-mail: rfeuers@nctr.fda.gov

Antioxidant nutrient intervention strategies to ameliorate negative health factors are of notable research interest. Central to the thesis that antioxidant nutrients improve biological defense systems and provide health benefits is an accurate indication of daily antioxidant nutrient intake. Little information is available concerning these nutrient intakes among non-affluent women of the southern U.S. This study examines the 24-h intake of vitamins: A, E, C, ß-carotene, a-tocopherol, riboflavin, and minerals: zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, iron, and molybdenum among 259 Caucasian (CA) and African-American (AA) women from small urban communities. Women were non-pregnant females, 19-93 y of age. Statistical comparisons of nutrient intake were made by least squares means within age groups. Intakes were compared to various Dietary Reference Intakes including Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) and Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) values as established by the U.S. National Research Council. Numerous dietary deficiencies in important antioxidant nutrients associated with metabolic antioxidant systems were identified. Few race-related differences were detected. Intake of vitamin A was generally within recommended levels while vitamin E intake was below the EAR. The vitamin precursors, ß-carotene and a-tocopherol, were significantly (P<0.05) below customary intakes at all ages. More than 60% of this population reported dietary copper, zinc, and selenium intakes below recommended levels. A lack of race differences for most nutrient intakes suggests similar socioeconomic or endogeneous regional factors. All women in this population reported dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and minerals below recommended values, conditions that could contribute to subsequent health risks unless nutrient-dense food choices and antioxidant supplementation are considered in their overall nutritional support.

Keywords: Antioxidant nutrients, antioxidant intake, nutrition, elderly, aging, African-American and Caucasian women.